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# 🤖 Ansible Automation Guide
**🔴 Advanced Guide**
This guide covers the Ansible automation system used to manage all 176 services across 13 hosts in this homelab. Ansible enables Infrastructure as Code, automated deployments, and consistent configuration management.
## 🎯 Ansible in This Homelab
### 📊 **Current Automation Scope**
- **13 hosts** managed through Ansible inventory
- **176 services** deployed via playbooks
- **Automated health checks** across all systems
- **Configuration management** for consistent settings
- **Deployment automation** for new services
### 🏗️ **Architecture Overview**
```
┌─────────────────┐ ┌─────────────────┐ ┌─────────────────┐
│ Git Repository│───►│ Ansible Control│───►│ Target Hosts │
│ (This repo) │ │ Node │ │ (All systems) │
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ • Playbooks │ │ • Inventory │ │ • Docker │
│ • Inventory │ │ • Execution │ │ • Services │
│ • Variables │ │ • Logging │ │ • Configuration │
└─────────────────┘ └─────────────────┘ └─────────────────┘
```
---
## 📁 Repository Structure
### 🗂️ **Ansible Directory Layout**
```
ansible/
├── automation/
│ ├── ansible.cfg # Ansible configuration
│ ├── hosts # Main inventory file
│ ├── hosts.ini # Alternative inventory format
│ ├── group_vars/ # Group-specific variables
│ │ ├── all.yml
│ │ ├── synology.yml
│ │ └── debian_clients.yml
│ ├── host_vars/ # Host-specific variables
│ │ ├── atlantis.yml
│ │ ├── calypso.yml
│ │ └── homelab.yml
│ ├── playbooks/ # Ansible playbooks
│ │ ├── deploy-service.yml
│ │ ├── health-check.yml
│ │ ├── system-update.yml
│ │ └── backup.yml
│ └── scripts/ # Helper scripts
│ ├── deploy.sh
│ └── health-check.sh
├── deploy_arr_suite_full.yml # Specific deployment playbooks
├── deploy_arr_suite_updated.yml
└── inventory.ini # Legacy inventory
```
---
## 🏠 Inventory Management
### 📋 **Host Groups**
The inventory organizes hosts into logical groups:
```ini
# Core Management Node
[homelab]
homelab ansible_host=100.67.40.126 ansible_user=homelab
# Synology NAS Cluster
[synology]
atlantis ansible_host=100.83.230.112 ansible_port=60000 ansible_user=vish
calypso ansible_host=100.103.48.78 ansible_port=62000 ansible_user=Vish
setillo ansible_host=100.125.0.20 ansible_user=vish
# Raspberry Pi Nodes
[rpi]
pi-5 ansible_host=100.77.151.40 ansible_user=vish
pi-5-kevin ansible_host=100.123.246.75 ansible_user=vish
# Hypervisors / Storage
[hypervisors]
pve ansible_host=100.87.12.28 ansible_user=root
truenas-scale ansible_host=100.75.252.64 ansible_user=vish
# Remote Systems
[remote]
vish-concord-nuc ansible_host=100.72.55.21 ansible_user=vish
vmi2076105 ansible_host=100.99.156.20 ansible_user=root
# Active Group (used by most playbooks)
[active:children]
homelab
synology
rpi
hypervisors
remote
```
### 🔧 **Host Variables**
Each host has specific configuration:
```yaml
# host_vars/atlantis.yml
---
# Synology-specific settings
synology_user_id: 1026
synology_group_id: 100
docker_compose_path: /volume1/docker
media_path: /volume1/media
# Service-specific settings
plex_enabled: true
grafana_enabled: true
prometheus_enabled: true
# Network settings
tailscale_ip: 100.83.230.112
local_ip: 10.0.0.250
```
---
## 📖 Playbook Examples
### 🚀 **Service Deployment Playbook**
```yaml
---
- name: Deploy Docker Service
hosts: "{{ target_host | default('all') }}"
become: yes
vars:
service_name: "{{ service_name }}"
service_path: "{{ service_path | default('/opt/docker/' + service_name) }}"
tasks:
- name: Create service directory
file:
path: "{{ service_path }}"
state: directory
owner: "{{ ansible_user }}"
group: "{{ ansible_user }}"
mode: '0755'
- name: Copy docker-compose file
template:
src: "{{ service_name }}/docker-compose.yml.j2"
dest: "{{ service_path }}/docker-compose.yml"
owner: "{{ ansible_user }}"
group: "{{ ansible_user }}"
mode: '0644'
notify: restart service
- name: Copy environment file
template:
src: "{{ service_name }}/.env.j2"
dest: "{{ service_path }}/.env"
owner: "{{ ansible_user }}"
group: "{{ ansible_user }}"
mode: '0600'
notify: restart service
- name: Start service
docker_compose:
project_src: "{{ service_path }}"
state: present
pull: yes
- name: Wait for service to be healthy
uri:
url: "http://{{ ansible_host }}:{{ service_port }}/health"
method: GET
status_code: 200
retries: 30
delay: 10
when: service_health_check is defined
handlers:
- name: restart service
docker_compose:
project_src: "{{ service_path }}"
state: present
pull: yes
recreate: always
```
### 🔍 **Health Check Playbook**
```yaml
---
- name: Health Check All Services
hosts: active
gather_facts: no
tasks:
- name: Check Docker daemon
systemd:
name: docker
state: started
register: docker_status
- name: Get running containers
docker_host_info:
containers: yes
register: docker_info
- name: Check container health
docker_container_info:
name: "{{ item }}"
register: container_health
loop: "{{ expected_containers | default([]) }}"
when: expected_containers is defined
- name: Test service endpoints
uri:
url: "http://{{ ansible_host }}:{{ item.port }}{{ item.path | default('/') }}"
method: GET
timeout: 10
register: endpoint_check
loop: "{{ service_endpoints | default([]) }}"
ignore_errors: yes
- name: Generate health report
template:
src: health-report.j2
dest: "/tmp/health-{{ inventory_hostname }}-{{ ansible_date_time.epoch }}.json"
delegate_to: localhost
```
### 🔄 **System Update Playbook**
```yaml
---
- name: Update Systems and Services
hosts: debian_clients
become: yes
serial: 1 # Update one host at a time
pre_tasks:
- name: Check if reboot required
stat:
path: /var/run/reboot-required
register: reboot_required
tasks:
- name: Update package cache
apt:
update_cache: yes
cache_valid_time: 3600
- name: Upgrade packages
apt:
upgrade: dist
autoremove: yes
autoclean: yes
- name: Update Docker containers
shell: |
cd {{ item }}
docker-compose pull
docker-compose up -d
loop: "{{ docker_compose_paths | default([]) }}"
when: docker_compose_paths is defined
- name: Clean up Docker
docker_prune:
containers: yes
images: yes
networks: yes
volumes: no # Don't remove volumes
builder_cache: yes
post_tasks:
- name: Reboot if required
reboot:
reboot_timeout: 300
when: reboot_required.stat.exists
- name: Wait for services to start
wait_for:
port: "{{ item }}"
timeout: 300
loop: "{{ critical_ports | default([22, 80, 443]) }}"
```
---
## 🔧 Configuration Management
### ⚙️ **Ansible Configuration**
```ini
# ansible.cfg
[defaults]
inventory = hosts
host_key_checking = False
timeout = 30
gathering = smart
fact_caching = jsonfile
fact_caching_connection = /tmp/ansible_facts_cache
fact_caching_timeout = 86400
[ssh_connection]
ssh_args = -o ControlMaster=auto -o ControlPersist=60s -o UserKnownHostsFile=/dev/null
pipelining = True
```
### 📊 **Group Variables**
```yaml
# group_vars/all.yml
---
# Global settings
timezone: America/Los_Angeles
docker_compose_version: "2.0"
default_restart_policy: "on-failure:5"
# Security settings
security_hardening: true
no_new_privileges: true
default_user_mapping: "1000:1000"
# Monitoring settings
prometheus_enabled: true
grafana_enabled: true
uptime_kuma_enabled: true
# Backup settings
backup_enabled: true
backup_retention_days: 30
```
```yaml
# group_vars/synology.yml
---
# Synology-specific overrides
default_user_mapping: "1026:100"
docker_compose_path: "/volume1/docker"
media_path: "/volume1/media"
backup_path: "/volume1/backups"
# Synology Docker settings
docker_socket: "/var/run/docker.sock"
docker_data_root: "/volume1/@docker"
```
---
## 🚀 Deployment Workflows
### 📦 **Single Service Deployment**
```bash
# Deploy a specific service to a specific host
ansible-playbook -i hosts playbooks/deploy-service.yml \
--extra-vars "target_host=atlantis service_name=uptime-kuma"
# Deploy to multiple hosts
ansible-playbook -i hosts playbooks/deploy-service.yml \
--extra-vars "target_host=synology service_name=watchtower"
# Deploy with custom variables
ansible-playbook -i hosts playbooks/deploy-service.yml \
--extra-vars "target_host=homelab service_name=grafana grafana_port=3001"
```
### 🏗️ **Full Stack Deployment**
```bash
# Deploy entire Arr suite to Atlantis
ansible-playbook -i hosts deploy_arr_suite_full.yml \
--limit atlantis
# Deploy monitoring stack to all hosts
ansible-playbook -i hosts playbooks/deploy-monitoring.yml
# Deploy with dry-run first
ansible-playbook -i hosts playbooks/deploy-service.yml \
--check --diff --extra-vars "service_name=new-service"
```
### 🔍 **Health Checks and Monitoring**
```bash
# Run health checks on all active hosts
ansible-playbook -i hosts playbooks/health-check.yml
# Check specific service group
ansible-playbook -i hosts playbooks/health-check.yml \
--limit synology
# Generate detailed health report
ansible-playbook -i hosts playbooks/health-check.yml \
--extra-vars "detailed_report=true"
```
---
## 📊 Advanced Automation
### 🔄 **Automated Updates**
```yaml
# Cron job for automated updates
---
- name: Setup Automated Updates
hosts: all
become: yes
tasks:
- name: Create update script
template:
src: update-script.sh.j2
dest: /usr/local/bin/homelab-update
mode: '0755'
- name: Schedule weekly updates
cron:
name: "Homelab automated update"
minute: "0"
hour: "2"
weekday: "0" # Sunday
job: "/usr/local/bin/homelab-update >> /var/log/homelab-update.log 2>&1"
```
### 📈 **Monitoring Integration**
```yaml
# Deploy monitoring agents
---
- name: Deploy Monitoring Stack
hosts: all
tasks:
- name: Deploy Node Exporter
docker_container:
name: node-exporter
image: prom/node-exporter:latest
ports:
- "9100:9100"
volumes:
- /proc:/host/proc:ro
- /sys:/host/sys:ro
- /:/rootfs:ro
command:
- '--path.procfs=/host/proc'
- '--path.rootfs=/rootfs'
- '--path.sysfs=/host/sys'
restart_policy: on-failure
- name: Register with Prometheus
uri:
url: "http://{{ prometheus_server }}:9090/api/v1/targets"
method: POST
body_format: json
body:
targets:
- "{{ ansible_host }}:9100"
```
### 🔐 **Security Automation**
```yaml
# Security hardening playbook
---
- name: Security Hardening
hosts: all
become: yes
tasks:
- name: Update all packages
package:
name: "*"
state: latest
- name: Configure firewall
ufw:
rule: allow
port: "{{ item }}"
loop: "{{ allowed_ports | default([22, 80, 443]) }}"
- name: Disable root SSH
lineinfile:
path: /etc/ssh/sshd_config
regexp: '^PermitRootLogin'
line: 'PermitRootLogin no'
notify: restart ssh
- name: Configure fail2ban
package:
name: fail2ban
state: present
- name: Harden Docker daemon
template:
src: docker-daemon.json.j2
dest: /etc/docker/daemon.json
notify: restart docker
```
---
## 🔍 Troubleshooting Ansible
### ❌ **Common Issues**
#### **SSH Connection Failures**
```bash
# Test SSH connectivity
ansible all -i hosts -m ping
# Debug SSH issues
ansible all -i hosts -m ping -vvv
# Test with specific user
ansible all -i hosts -m ping -u username
# Check SSH key permissions
chmod 600 ~/.ssh/id_rsa
```
#### **Permission Issues**
```bash
# Test sudo access
ansible all -i hosts -m shell -a "sudo whoami" -b
# Fix sudo configuration
ansible all -i hosts -m lineinfile -a "path=/etc/sudoers.d/ansible line='ansible ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD:ALL'" -b
# Check user groups
ansible all -i hosts -m shell -a "groups"
```
#### **Docker Issues**
```bash
# Check Docker status
ansible all -i hosts -m systemd -a "name=docker state=started" -b
# Test Docker access
ansible all -i hosts -m shell -a "docker ps"
# Add user to docker group
ansible all -i hosts -m user -a "name={{ ansible_user }} groups=docker append=yes" -b
```
### 🔧 **Debugging Techniques**
#### **Verbose Output**
```bash
# Increase verbosity
ansible-playbook -vvv playbook.yml
# Debug specific tasks
ansible-playbook playbook.yml --start-at-task="Task Name"
# Check mode (dry run)
ansible-playbook playbook.yml --check --diff
```
#### **Fact Gathering**
```bash
# Gather all facts
ansible hostname -i hosts -m setup
# Gather specific facts
ansible hostname -i hosts -m setup -a "filter=ansible_distribution*"
# Custom fact gathering
ansible hostname -i hosts -m shell -a "docker --version"
```
---
## 📊 Monitoring Ansible
### 📈 **Execution Tracking**
```yaml
# Callback plugins for monitoring
# ansible.cfg
[defaults]
callback_plugins = /usr/share/ansible/plugins/callback
stdout_callback = json
callback_whitelist = timer, profile_tasks, log_plays
# Log all playbook runs
log_path = /var/log/ansible.log
```
### 📊 **Performance Metrics**
```bash
# Time playbook execution
time ansible-playbook playbook.yml
# Profile task execution
ansible-playbook playbook.yml --extra-vars "profile_tasks=true"
# Monitor resource usage
htop # During playbook execution
```
### 🚨 **Error Handling**
```yaml
# Robust error handling
---
- name: Deploy with error handling
hosts: all
ignore_errors: no
any_errors_fatal: no
tasks:
- name: Risky task
shell: potentially_failing_command
register: result
failed_when: result.rc != 0 and result.rc != 2 # Allow specific error codes
- name: Cleanup on failure
file:
path: /tmp/cleanup
state: absent
when: result is failed
```
---
## 🚀 Best Practices
### ✅ **Playbook Design**
- **Idempotency**: Playbooks should be safe to run multiple times
- **Error handling**: Always handle potential failures gracefully
- **Documentation**: Comment complex tasks and variables
- **Testing**: Test playbooks in development before production
### 🔐 **Security**
- **Vault encryption**: Encrypt sensitive variables with ansible-vault
- **SSH keys**: Use SSH keys instead of passwords
- **Least privilege**: Run tasks with minimum required permissions
- **Audit logs**: Keep logs of all Ansible executions
### 📊 **Performance**
- **Parallelism**: Use appropriate fork settings
- **Fact caching**: Cache facts to speed up subsequent runs
- **Task optimization**: Combine tasks where possible
- **Selective execution**: Use tags and limits to run specific parts
### 🔄 **Maintenance**
- **Regular updates**: Keep Ansible and modules updated
- **Inventory cleanup**: Remove obsolete hosts and variables
- **Playbook refactoring**: Regularly review and improve playbooks
- **Documentation**: Keep documentation current with changes
---
## 📋 Next Steps
### 🎯 **Learning Path**
1. **Start simple**: Begin with basic playbooks
2. **Understand inventory**: Master host and group management
3. **Learn templating**: Use Jinja2 for dynamic configurations
4. **Explore modules**: Discover Ansible's extensive module library
5. **Advanced features**: Roles, collections, and custom modules
### 📚 **Resources**
- **Official docs**: docs.ansible.com
- **Ansible Galaxy**: galaxy.ansible.com for roles and collections
- **Community**: ansible.com/community
- **Training**: Red Hat Ansible training courses
### 🔗 **Related Documentation**
- **[Deployment Guide](../admin/deployment.md)**: Manual deployment processes
- **[Infrastructure Overview](../infrastructure/hosts.md)**: Host details and specifications
- **[Troubleshooting](../troubleshooting/common-issues.md)**: Common problems and solutions
---
*Ansible automation is what makes managing 176 services across 13 hosts feasible. Start with simple playbooks and gradually build more sophisticated automation as your confidence grows.*